◎ 叩头 kòutóu[kowtow;kotow] 磕头-----------------国语辞典：伏身跪拜，以头叩地。为古代的最敬礼。《史记．卷一二六．滑稽传．淳于髡传》：「欲赴佗国奔亡，痛吾两主使不通。故来服过，叩头受罪大王。」《三国演义．第八回》：「貂蝉跟允到阁中，允尽叱出妇妾，纳貂蝉于坐，叩头便拜。」近叩首也称为「叩首」、「扣头」。英语 to kowtow (traditional greeting, esp. to a superior, involving kneeling and pressing one's forehead to the ground), also written 磕頭|磕头[ke1 tou2]德语 Kotau (S, Gesch)法语 kowtow
◎ 叩关 kòuguān(1) [enter a country and request an audience]∶至关门求见(2) [knock the door]∶叩门(3) [attack a pass]∶攻打关门百万之师,叩关而攻秦。—— 汉· 贾谊《过秦论》(4) [shoot (at the goal)]∶指足球、冰球等运动中攻打球门-----------------国语辞典：敲门请求进入。《汉书．卷六七．梅福传》：「昔秦武王好力，任鄙叩关自鬻；缪公行伯，繇余归德。」也称为「扣边」。攻打关卡，进犯他国。《文选．贾谊．过秦论》：「尝以十倍之地、百万之众，叩关而攻秦。」英语 to knock at the gate (old), to make an approach, to invade, to attack the goal (sports)
◎ 叩阍 kòuhūn[knock at official's gate to lodge complaint;go to the royal court to complain about one's wrong] 扣击宫门,指官吏、百姓到朝廷诉冤 -----------------国语辞典：阍，皇宫门。叩阍指吏民趋宫门陈诉冤屈。《资治通鉴．卷二五八．唐纪七十四．昭宗大顺元年》：「不然，方且轻骑叩阍．顿首丹陛，诉奸回于陛下之扆坐，纳制敕于先帝之庙庭。」
◎ 叩拜 kòubài[bow in salute] 叩头下拜-----------------国语辞典：叩头下拜。清．纪昀《阅微草堂笔记．卷九．如是我闻三》：「顶上灵光高尺许，故我得而见之，非以尔叩拜求哀也。」英语 to bow in salute, to kowtow德语 Ehrenbezeugung (S)法语 s'incliner pour saluer, faire des courbettes